Structural Heart Disease Interventions
BALLOON VALVULOPLASTIES
Balloon valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat stenotic (narrowed) heart valves.
What it does
1. Widens narrowed valves: A balloon catheter is used to stretch and widen the valve opening.
2. Improves blood flow: Enhances blood flow through the valve.
Benefits
1. Minimally invasive: Avoids open-heart surgery.
2. Symptom relief: Improves symptoms like shortness of breath and chest pain.
3. Faster recovery: Patients can recover quickly and return to normal activities.
BALLOON AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY (BAV)
Aortic valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive procedure to widen a narrowed aortic valve.
Procedure
Balloon inflation: A balloon catheter is inserted and inflated to stretch the valve.
Indications
1. Aortic stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve.
2. Palliative care: For patients who are not candidates for valve replacement.
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DEVICE CLOSURE IN CONGENITAL DISEASE
Device closure in congenital heart disease refers to a minimally invasive procedure used to close abnormal openings or holes in the heart.
Types of defects closed:
1. Atrial septal defects (ASDs): Holes in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart.
2. Ventricular septal defects (VSDs): Holes in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart.
3. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): A persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
How it’s done:
1. Catheter-based procedure: A device is inserted through a catheter and guided to the defect.
2. Device deployment: The device is deployed to close the defect.
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MITRAL VALVE INTERVENTIONS
- PTMC (Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy) is a minimally invasive procedure for treating mitral stenosis.
Procedure details
1. Catheter insertion: A balloon catheter is inserted through a vein in the leg and guided to the heart.
2. Transseptal puncture: The catheter is advanced through the atrial septum to reach the mitral valve.
3. Balloon inflation: The balloon is inflated to widen the narrowed mitral valve opening.
Indications
1. Mitral stenosis: Narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
2. Symptomatic patients: Patients experiencing symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, or palpitations.
Outcomes
1. Improved valve area: Increased mitral valve area, reducing symptoms.
2. Reduced complications: Lower risk of complications like heart failure or arrhythmias.
PTMC is an effective treatment option for patients with mitral stenosis, offering symptom relief and improved heart function.
- TEER (Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair)
This a minimally invasive procedure for treating mitral regurgitation.
Procedure details
1. MitraClip: A clip is delivered via a catheter to the mitral valve.
2. Edge-to-edge repair: The clip grasps the mitral valve leaflets, reducing regurgitation.
3. Real-time imaging: Echocardiography and fluoroscopy guide the procedure.
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TRANSCATHETER VALVE REPLACEMENT
Transcatheter Valve Replacement (TVR) is a minimally invasive procedure to replace a diseased heart valve.
Types
1. TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement)
2. TMVR (Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement)
Procedure
1. Catheter-based delivery: A new valve is delivered through a catheter.
2. Deployment: The new valve is expanded, replacing the diseased valve.
Benefits
1. Minimally invasive: Avoids open-heart surgery.
2. Symptom relief: Improves symptoms like shortness of breath and chest pain.
3. Faster recovery: Patients can recover quickly and return to normal activities.
Outcomes
1. Improved symptoms: Reduced symptoms and improved quality of life.
2. Reduced complications: Lower risk of complications like heart failure or arrhythmias.
TVR offers a less invasive alternative to traditional surgery, improving outcomes for patients with valve disease.
- TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement)
This a minimally invasive procedure for treating severe aortic stenosis.
Indications
1. Severe aortic stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve.
2. Symptomatic patients: Patients experiencing symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, or fainting.
Procedure
1. Catheter insertion: A catheter is inserted through a blood vessel.
2. Valve deployment: A new valve is delivered and expanded, replacing the diseased valve.
Types of access
1. Transfemoral: Access through the femoral artery.
2. Transapical: Access through the left ventricular apex.
3. Transaortic: Access through the aorta.
Outcomes
1. Improved survival: Reduced mortality rates.
2. Improved quality of life: Enhanced functional capacity and reduced symptoms.
TAVR is a highly effective treatment option for patients with severe aortic stenosis, offering improved symptoms and outcomes.
- TMVR (Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement)
This a minimally invasive procedure for treating mitral valve disease
Indications
1. Severe mitral regurgitation: Blood leaks backward through the mitral valve.
2. Mitral stenosis: Narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
3. Symptomatic patients: Patients experiencing symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, or palpitations.
Procedure
1. Catheter insertion: A catheter is inserted through a blood vessel.
2. Valve deployment: A new valve is delivered and expanded, replacing the diseased valve.
Types
1. Transseptal TMVR: Access through the atrial septum.
2. Transapical TMVR: Access through the left ventricular apex.
Outcomes
1. Improved survival: Reduced mortality rates.
2. Improved quality of life: Enhanced functional capacity and reduced symptoms.
TMVR is a promising treatment option for patients with mitral valve disease, offering improved symptoms and outcomes.
